Law: Constitution of India

The Constitution is the supreme legal document of the land. All other laws have to conform to the Constitution. It contains laws concerning the government and its relations with the people.  A constitution is concerned with 2 main aspects:-

1.The relation between the different levels of government and

2. Between the government and the citizens.

The document containing laws and rules which determine and describe the form of the government, the relationship between the citizens and the government, is called a Constitution. The constitution for proper understanding is divided into broad areas of Fundamental Rights, Directive Principals, Executive and State. The main objective is contained in the preamble and each area stated above relates to the whole system of Governance, through State; i.e. Legislature, Executive and Judiciary called as Trimurti of the Nation.

Let us learn about the Constitution of our country through the given video.

Law: Preamble of Indian Constitution

The preamble to the Constitution of India is a brief introductory statement that sets out guiding people and principles of the document, and it indicates the source from which the ordinary document derives its authority, meaning, the people.The hopes and aspirations of the people as well as the ideals before our nation are described in the preamble in clear words. It may be considered as the heart and soul of Constitution. The preamble can be referred to as the preface which highlights the entire Constitution. It was adopted on 26 November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly and came into effect on 26th January 1950.

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens

 JUSTICE, social, economic and political;

 LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;

 EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all

 FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;

 IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this 26th day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

Criminology and Law: Harassment of victim during complaint/court

In very simple language harassment is a word that describes any kind of ongoing torment. The acceptable definition of harassment is unwanted conduct on the grounds of race, gender, sexual orientation etc. which has the aim or objective of either violating the claimant's dignity, or making an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for them. The exploitation is from a family member that is not involved in the list under domestic violence. Harassment need not have to be of a sexual nature, however, and can include offensive remarks about a person’s sex.  Police have the authority and the duty to question people suspected of committing crimes and victim too. The parent or guardian of a minor who is the aim of harassment may seek a restrictive order on behalf of the minor.

Let us learn about harassment, types of harassment, consequences of harassment and  harassment of victim during complains and in the court in the given video lecture.

Criminology and Law: Role of Victim in Crime

Victimolgy is the study of victimization, including the relationships between victims and offenders, the interactions between victims and the criminal justice system — i.e., the police and courts, and amendments bureaucrats — and the association between sufferers and other social groups and organizations, such as the media, businesses, and social movements. Victimolgy is though not constrained to the study of victims of crime only but can comprise different provisions of human rights abuses.

“Victimolgy” is a hypothetical scientific discipline which studies statistics that defines processes and causal associations associated to victimizations. This comprises proceedings prominent to the victimization, the victim’s experience, its aftermath and the activities taken by society in response to these victimizations. Therefore, Victimolgy consist of study of the precursors, vulnerabilities, happenings, influences, retrievals, and replies by people, administrations and beliefs related to victimizations.

Let us learn about the role of victim in crime in the given video.

Criminology and Law: Police : Organization and Administration

Police are one of the most ubiquitous organizations of the society. The policemen, therefore, happen to be the most visible representatives of the government. In an hour of need, danger, crisis and difficulty, when a citizen does not know, what to do and whom to approach, the police station and a policeman happen to be the most appropriate and approachable unit and person for him. The police are expected to be the most accessible, interactive and dynamic organization of any society. Their roles, functions and duties in the society are natural to be varied and multifarious on the one hand; and complicated, knotty and complex on the other. Broadly speaking the twin roles, which the police are expected to play in a society are maintenance of law and maintenance of order. However, the ramifications of these two duties are numerous, which result in making a large inventory of duties, functions, powers, roles and responsibilities of the police organization.  

Let us learn about the role of Police in dealing Criminals, Police Strength and organization in India, procedure to file complaints of crime and criminal and also what is the Police accountability and commitment along with the role of Police in Court and Defense.

Questioned Documents: Instruments used in document analysis: ESDA and VSC

In addition to various types of microscopes like magnifying lens, compound microscope, stereo microscope and comparison microscope that are being used for the analysis of questioned documents. Some instruments such as Electrostatic Detection Apparatus (ESDA) and Video Spectral Comparator (VSC) are also used for the analysis of the documents that are in question. These instruments are only meant for document analysis. ESDA is a forensic device used to detect indented writings in paper. VSC combines sophisticated digital imaging and multi-wavelength LED technology with a clear and efficient software interface, to provide a complete solution to the examination of all questioned documents.

Let us all learn about ESDA and VSC in the given video lecture.

Questioned Documents: Plastic Currency

The term plastic currency is used predominantly in reference to the hard plastic cards that are issued by the banks or an authority that provides certain rights to the customer or the user, some of them being able to make payments, enter into a secure area with many such other uses.

 · The term plastic currency has been used in different settings to describe wide variety of payments systems and technologies.

· Plastic currencies are the alternative to the cash or the standard money.

· Plastic currency is the generic term for all types of cards such as, Bank cards, Credit cards, Smart cards, etc.

· Plastic currency was introduced in 1930 and now it is an essential form of money.

· Citi Bank was the first bank in 1991 to launch credit card in India.

Let us learn about the various types of plastic currencies, their characteristics and forensic analysis in the given video lecture.